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The result of the laboratory wall sample under cyclic test is presented in Fig. 5a.
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The beam specimens under cyclic testing have shown large yield strength but low ductility as compared to pushover testing.
Their lifetimes were evaluated under gradient thermal cyclic test.
Moreover, the SEI film formed on the surface of LTO after the cyclic test under Condition E is much thicker than that LTO after storage under Condition D. It is well-known that the electrolyte solution is consumed during the battery cyclic tests gradually increasing the SEI film thickness.
It is noted that very obvious swelling is observed for the battery after cyclic test under Condition E (Fig. 1e f).
Moreover, commercial graphite anodes soaked in LiPF6 electrolyte do not show similar gassing behavior during storage or cyclic test under similar conditions.
In particular, no visible swelling occurs for the LTO/C-based battery after storage and cyclic test under both Conditions D and E (Fig. 1g j) unlike the uncoated LTO batteries (Fig.1c f).
Various mechanical testing as hydraulic bulge test, disk compression test, and in particular cyclic test under tension and compression load were carried out in order to determine required materials parameters of the models.
This paper extends this study to develop numerical model of the connections, and portal frame tested under monotonic and reverse cyclic test (Fig. 4).
The thicknesses of the phase-change layers (from (111) to (222) plane) for LTOs under both conditions (storage and cyclic test) are almost the same (~3 nm), which are, interestingly, similar to that of the LTO soaked under Condition A. It is thought that the phase-change occurs only in a very thin surface layer (~3 nm).
To obtain an overall impression of the function of these constructs under different loading conditions, a cyclic test in simulated flexion of the arm was followed by cyclic loading in extension until failure occurred.
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