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The noncrystalline as-spun fiber spun was heat-treated at 150, 165, 180 and 195 °C for 0.1 s under constrained condition.
In addition to the unconstrained optimization problem, there is also work involved in the multiple objectives optimization problem under constrained condition [19].
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Single shape memory alloy (SMA) wires are capable of generating high compressive stresses under constrained conditions when they are thermally activated.
Centrifugal sintering is an advanced technology that is specifically designed to sinter structures under constrained conditions, such as films on substrates and multi-layered ceramics.
Gravimetric and XRD techniques were used to study the hydration of powder and compacted pellets in non confined conditions whereas hydration under constrained conditions was investigated in situ by neutron diffraction using a cell specifically designed for the present study.
Six excised canine livers were subjected to variations in interstitial pressure through cannulation of the portal vein and closure of the hepatic artery and hepatic vein under constrained conditions (in which the liver was not free to expand) and unconstrained conditions.
Considering limited availability of real estimates of price sensitivity for all economic sectors, Ho et al. ([2008]) derived elasticities from a macroeconomic model for the US under constrained conditions; Choi et al. ([2010]) adopted assumptions on several scenarios for price elasticities.
However, the number of live born kits was smaller under constrained conditions compared to normal conditions (−3.4 kits per parturition).
The advantage obtained by V36 females in response to selection for litter size after 20 generations was observed under constrained conditions, especially under the HC environment.
Only V16 females displayed a significant decrease in live weight under constrained conditions (−200 and −250 g under HC and NF compared to NC, respectively; P <0.05).
Similarly, the emergence of environmental sensitivity in response to selection, which is indicative of specialization, could only be observed under constrained conditions.
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