In the hdPS adjusted models, when compared with insulins, the use of incretin based drugs was not associated with a significant risk of acute pancreatitis, with the hazard ratio under the null value (0.79, 95% confidence interval 0.19 to 3.35; table F in appendix).
Nevertheless, nondifferential misclassification only biases the expected value of an OR estimate toward the null value under very specific conditions.
A lack of discriminative power is indicated if the 95% confidence interval (CI) of the area under ROC curve (AUC) included the null value of 0.5; an AUC closer to 1 indicated a better discriminative power [ 26].
The numerical value of this statistic is then compared to the distribution of that statistic's value under a null spatial model, providing a probabilistic assessment of how unlikely an observed cluster statistic is under the null hypothesis [ 15].
The parameter δ reflecting the effect under study varied from zero, the null value, through 3.0 standard deviations from the null value.
To identify loci subjected to selection we thus focused on the posterior estimates of the SNP effect and evaluated the significance of its departure to the null value (expected under the neutral hypothesis).
This index accounts for the complement of the probability of observing, under the null hypothesis, a value as extreme as the observed median.
Under the null hypothesis, P values follow a uniform distribution and should be on the diagonal of the QQ plots with a tail indicating GWAS hits.
Delta represents the cutoff outside which genes are identified as differentially expressed by having a larger modified t-statistic than expected under the null model (a low delta value normally gives a high FDR, and vice versa).
To obtain a SNP-wise type I error of 0.001, we used a penalty (lambda) of 110, estimated based on 100 permutations under the null for different values of lambdas.
