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Many companies perceive research and development (R&D) as somewhat fuzzy, involving high uncertainty, with unclear rate of return, and troublesome to manage.
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Trials that received an "unclear" rating would have failed to provide sufficient information regarding the allocation process on which to base our decision.
If a study received an inadequate or unclear rating in all five areas of bias it was excluded from meta-analyses.
As summarized in Table 3, the methods in all of the included studies were poorly described, leading to an "unclear" rating for at least one of the methodological criteria assessment questions.
Risks of bias were highest in the domain of study attrition, which was due to very low response rates [ 31] or an unclear response rate [ 19, 25, 34].
For reasons that are still unclear, the rate of this decline is accelerated in some, and these people go on to develop Alzheimer's disease or some other form of dementia.
And for reasons that are unclear, the rate of colon cancer has increased dramatically in younger adults.
It remains unclear what rate of episiotomy in Vietnamese hospitals would give the greatest benefits for the least harm.
Reasons for the downward trend in all cause hospitalization rates between 2000 and 2006 for both the HCV and HBV mono infected cohorts are unclear, as rates for the NSW population increased over the same period.
But it is unclear why rates fall.
It remains unclear what rates of adhesion formation are found in patients following laparoscopy and thus which entry location is most suitable following a prior laparoscopy.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com