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Where abstracts were unclear, methods sections were reviewed.
In general, reports on multiple injuries after this earthquake have been anecdotal [ 16, 19], or used unclear methods [ 19].
Of the third of studies that were randomized trials, most were open label with unclear methods of randomization and allocation concealment.
Most studies had low risk of bias, though assessment of bias was difficult because of unclear methods in two studies 18 23 (appendix 3).
Citations that did not meet the inclusion criteria, were irrelevant for the aim of the study, or had unclear methods were excluded (n = 1123), as were duplicates (n = 23).
In most clinical trials performed in this area, often burdened by severe methodologic limitations including excessive clinical heterogeneity, investigators use different definitions of SE (and its stages), adopt inappropriate comparators, or use unclear methods of data presentation [ 35– 37], so that reaching definite evidence is an extremely challenging task.
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One study with unclear method of diagnosis [ 45] found limited evidence for effects on positive and negative symptoms when comparing yoga to usual care.
Nifedipine was administered by capsule puncture/biting (n = 4), swallowing of capsule whole (n = 1), or by an unclear method (n = 3).
Other potential sources of bias in this RCT were unclear method of randomisation, inadequate (or unclear) allocation concealment and blinding of assessors, and a 31% loss to follow-up.
Randomisation: adequate (methods such as computer generated random numbers or use of a random number table), inadequate (methods such as assignment based on day of presentation or alternation), unclear (method not described).
In terrorism trials, facts may be unclear, some methods used by Bush administration officials to gather evidence were shadowy and perhaps tainted, and the evidence itself might be mired in the kinds of secrets that officials say could affect national security.
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