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It's a perennial question, but one that has taken on new urgency now with the economy so uncertain: Assuming you can't save an unlimited amount, should you fund your 401(k) or a Roth IRA first?
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Jittery, uncertain and assuming the worst, many people have answered these questions by forswearing air travel, purchasing gas masks and radiation detectors, placing frantic calls to pediatricians demanding vaccinations against exotic diseases or rushing out to fill prescriptions for Cipro, an antibiotic most experts consider an unnecessary defense against anthrax.
The Dal Sasso et al. estimates were criticized because the skull length estimate was uncertain, and (assuming that body mass increases as the cube of body length) scaling Suchomimus which was 11 m long and 3.8 t in mass to the range of estimated lengths of Spinosaurus would produce an estimated body mass of 11.7-16.7 t.
"But as long as we are uncertain, we assume there is no problem," he said.
In the proposed problem, demands and costs are uncertain and assumed to be fuzzy variables with known possibility distributions.
This paper presents a new class of two-stage fuzzy material procurement planning (MPP) models with minimum-risk criteria, in which the material demand, the spot market material unit price and the spot market material supply quantity are uncertain and assumed to be fuzzy variables with known possibility distributions.
Since exact time of diagnosis was uncertain, we assumed the time (hour and minute) of first administration of antibiotics as the time of clinical diagnosis of sepsis for consistency in procedure.
Because vaccine longevity is uncertain, we assumed that successful vaccination conferred immunity for 10 years but that repeated booster shots every 10 years were required to maintain the vaccine's efficacy.
Although the deep topology of the eukaryotic tree remains uncertain, we assumed that the plant-opisthokont divergence corresponded to the primary split; this is compatible with the results of independent attempts to root the eukaryotic tree.
The figure shows the consumption function that emerges from a standard version of the permanent income hypothesis (assuming uncertain future income and a standard "utility function" that specifies consumers' attitudes toward the level and riskiness of their spending).
Robustness of the controller to parameter uncertainties is studied by assuming uncertain inertia and damping matrices.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com