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Unlike illite, a layer charge deficiency of celadonite and glauconite arises largely from the unbalanced charge due to ionic substitution in the octahedral sheets.
Structural formulas of most trioctahedral chlorites may be expressed by four end-member compositions: The unbalanced charge of the micalike layer is compensated by an excess charge of the hydroxide sheet that is caused by the substitution of trivalent cations (Al3+, Fe3+, etc).
Current LEFET architectures suffer from inefficient charge injection of electrons and holes from the source and drain electrodes, leading to unbalanced charge transport and hence poor device performance.
Consequently, the three active balancing topologies lead to a different final balanced state, even if they start from the same unbalanced charge distribution, as the total amount of energy moved is different among the three.
The PhOLEDs hosted by hybrids with para-linkage, p-mCPOXD and p−2mCPOXD, show highest current densities but lowest efficiencies due to the relatively low ET value and unbalanced charge flux.
Through the charge carrier mobility and transient photovoltage (TPV) measurements, it is found that the incorporation of 10% SQ-5 with shallower Highest Occupied Molecular Orbital (HOMO) level hinders holes in transferring from SQ to PCDTBT, which leads to unbalanced charge carrier transport, significant charge recombination, and decrease of performance.
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Unbalanced charges may also decrease the photoluminescence efficiency (quantum yield) via nonradiative Auger recombination.
In the calculations, we used a default thermodynamic dataset (thermo.com.V8.R6.full) (Bethke 2008) with the B-dot activity model (Helgeson 1969; Helgeson and Kirkham 1974), while Na+ was used to compensate for unbalanced charges in the initial seawater.
This reduces a net unbalanced-charge deficiency from 1 to about 0.65 per unit chemical formula.
Oxaloacetate binding would similarly result in the unfavorable burial of an unbalanced negative charge.
If pyruvate were to bind in the active site, loop closure would result in a buried and unbalanced positive charge, which is unfavorable.
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