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As stated by Yekutieli (2009), under a random effect model, Bayesian inference is unaffected by selection.
Synonymous substitutions are largely unaffected by selection; therefore, the number of synonymous substitutions per synonymous site (Ks) provides a measure of the accumulation of neutral mutations.
Still, this reduced ML framework map, though unaffected by selection, has one region of poor fit and is 2.4× as long as the comparable RG map (Table 7).
This distribution, driven by neutral mutation rate and largely unaffected by selection, is also seen in the distribution of singletons across the secondary structure.
Although it is therefore difficult to rule out bias in main effects, gene environment interactions are generally unaffected by selection bias (Morimoto et al. 2003).
A locus may be (i) – unaffected by selection (neutral), (ii) – directly under selection (affecting one or more traits under selection), or (iii) – indirectly affected by the process of selection (selection at a linked locus).
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Parasitoid wasps are far from being unaffected by sexual selection, but this has as yet not been fully exploited by sexual selection researchers.
Likewise, FPI, which is a dominant factor in AUGC calculation, is relatively unaffected by model selection (Table 1).
It seems that sites within the triple beta-strand so characteristic of these peptides are largely unaffected by positive selection.
The distribution criterion detected regions of significant similarity between sequence pairs by comparing the distribution of silent polymorphisms along the alignment, i.e., those changes unaffected by purifying selection.
First, we adopted a population genetic approach using microsatellite markers, which are unaffected by natural selection, to investigate differentiation and migration patterns of P. perna between populations inhabiting different bioregions.
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