Particularly characteristic are K13 expressed in the basal and intermediate cell layers and K20 specific for the superficial (umbrella) cell layer.
The most severe lesions were present in the superficial umbrella cell layer of urinary bladder urothelium, where small numbers of degenerating cells were interspersed among urothelial cells distended by large vacuoles that were either empty or partially filled with pale eosinophilic granular material.
Previous finding confirmed that CK20 showed patchy cytoplasmic immunoreactivity in the superficial umbrella cell layer of the normal urothelium [ 8] and nonneoplastic urothelium showed no reactivity to CK20 except for umbrella cells [ 9].
In addition, the umbrella cell layer (i.e., the luminal surface of the urothelium) of the bladder is not rapidly dividing and should therefore be resistant to infection and lysis by replication-competent oncolytic viruses, which selectively infect and replicate within rapidly dividing cells.
But the solution is not to form more umbrella groups, adding layers of vested interests that favor competition over cooperation.
Between outings -- he goes golfing every Saturday and Sunday -- Mr. Kupferman began thinking about the problem, and in 1997 came up with a solution: the Windbrella, an umbrella with two layers of nylon canopy.
Our in vivo studies suggest that hydrogels containing LV provide at least 1 week of sustained gene expression and show high transduction efficiency to all of the urothelium layers (umbrella, intermediate, and basal cells), reaching the subepithelial connective tissue.
Antibodies against P2X3 labelled all urothelial cell layers in all samples of normal urothelium, with more intense labelling in the superficial layer, where umbrella cells are located).
The middle story is characterized by trees that are in lateral contact but do not overlap; the highest story, by tall trees, some 50 metres (about 165 feet) or more, that form a discontinuous layer of umbrella-shaped crowns.
