For the ultrasonication exfoliation (i.e., the U mode), 200 mL of NMP containing natural molybdenite powders (45 g L−1) and PVP (15.6 g L−1) was put in a wide-mouth bottle (250 mL) and ultrasonically treated for 4 h (280 W, 3 s on and 1 s off) using a φ10-mm horn.
Utilizing the two-step method with ultrasonication, the MWCNTs treated with β-Alanine (Ala-MWCNTs) with weight concentrations of 0.025%, 0.05%, 0.075%, and 0.1% were dispersed in distilled water to prepare water-based nanofluids.
15% WBY treated by ultrasonication for 40 min had the highest reducing sugar yield (29.19%), followed by NaOH treatment (28.98%), high speed homogenizer (13.33%) and microwaves (13.01%).
A sugar concentration of 3% WBY hydrolysates treated by ultrasonication gave the highest BC yield (7.02 g/L), almost 6 times as that from untreated WBY (1.21 g/L).
To obtain a nanohybrid of cationic/anionic clay with exfoliated Mt platelets, NaMt (sodium-montmorillonite) was fractionated and subsequently treated by ultrasonication in a solution of aluminum nitrate and magnesium nitrate to ensure good dispersion of the NaMt and cation adsorption.
The mixtures were then treated by ultrasonication (40 kHz) for 3 h at room temperature.
The base electrodeposition solution consisted of 0.05 M nickel (II) chloride hexahydrate and 1.0 M thiourea in 50 ml deionized water and treated by ultrasonication for 30 min.
0.25wt% GO solution was prepared by dissolving 100 mg GO in 40 g water and treated with ultrasonication for 30 min.
After addition of 0.01% (w/v) protease inhibitor cocktail (Amresco, the United States), cell suspension was treated with ultrasonication (work for 3 sec, stop for 5 sec, 100 repeats).
The base electrodeposition solution consisted of 0.1 M of pyrrole, 0.1 M of lithium perchlorate, and 0.1 M of oxalic acid in 50 ml deionized water and treated by ultrasonication for 30 min.
