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Additionally, the influence of the ultrasonic output from the transducer to the liquid and the feed rate are demonstrated.
The independent variable with the largest effect on response was X2 (ultrasonic time), followed by X1 (ultrasonic output power) and X3 (pulse mode).
The optimized conditions were as follows: extraction time 20.29 min, ultrasonic output power 78.6 W, cellulose concentration 2.15%, extraction temperature 55.79 °C.
Response surface methodology (RSM) based on a three-level four-factor Box Behnken Design (BBD) was employed to optimize the extraction conditions inlcluding extraction time, ultrasonic output power, cellulose concentration and extraction temperature.
The optimum extraction conditions were found to be ultrasonic output power 363 W, ultrasonic time 24 min and pulse mode 2.4 s on and 2 s off (2.4 s:2 s).
The ultrasound power was adjustable from 30 W to 200 W. Figure 7 Ultrasound equipment: (1) water-bath; (2) reactor; (3) ultrasonic transducer; (4) power button; (5) water outlet; (6) temperature control panel; (7) ultrasonic timer control panel; (8) water level control panel; (9) ultrasonic output power button.
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The ultrasonic cardiac output monitoring (USCOM, USCOM Pty Ltd ,Coffs Harbour, NSW, Australia) device provides a new method of non-invasively assessing cardiac output (CO).
Optimal conditions of temperature (<5∘C), ultrasonic power output (∼35W) and salt concentration (∼32g/100g water) exist that reduced the size of the crystals to the sub-micron scale.
The effects of sonocrystallisation temperature, ultrasonic power output and salt concentration were investigated in the ranges of 5 35∘C, 22 60 W and 8 34 g/100 g water, respectively, under a fixed ultrasonic frequency of 20 kHz.
The laboratory is also equipped with an ultrasonic cardiac output monitor (USCOM A1, Sydney, NSW, Australia).
The ultrasonic transducer output was amplified (model 5900PR, Olympus, MA, USA), digitized, and recorded by a digital oscilloscope (WaveSurfer 452, LeCroy Corp., NY, USA) synchronized to the laser.
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