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Table 1 Survey items for Initiative (exogenous), Independence (exogenous), Self-guidance (exogenous), Part-time Job (endogenous intermediating), and Apprenticeship (endogenous ultimate) Variable Minimum 1 Maximum 5 1 Initiative I am interested in an occupation where I work following familiar methods and routines.
In contrast, depression, an individual ultimate variable, was not associated with either behavior in the same study [ 65].
For example, the child's age (an individual ultimate variable) might have its primary influence on the child's sense of self (an individual distal variable) but it might also, to a lesser degree, influence how well the child bonds with others (a social distal variable) [ 39].
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i -2 (log-likelihood) for the model containing each specific block of distal and ultimate variables.
As a result, ultimate variables are hypothesized to strongly influence multiple behaviors.
Analyses assessing the direct influence of social distal and social ultimate variables on the rate of multiple risk factor score also showed that both social distal and social ultimate variables contributed to the model (Table 4).
Longitudinal Poisson models assessing the direct influence of individual distal and individual ultimate variables on the rate of multiple risk factor score showed that both individual distal and individual ultimate variables contributed to the model (Table 3).
g-2 (log-likelihood) for the model containing each specific block of distal and/or ultimate variables.
f -2 (log-likelihood) for the model containing each specific block of distal and/or ultimate variables.
However, contrary to our expectation, the log-likelihood ratio statistic indicated that distal variables, particularly social distal factors, contributed more to the longitudinal Poisson model than ultimate variables.
This finding is important because distal variables tend to be actually easier to modify through effective interventions compared to ultimate variables [ 39].
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