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Cow measures such as udder width and depth, and front quarter attachment were determined from the lateral and caudal photographs.
Udder morphometric traits (UT) (teat placement (TPL), udder attachment (UA), udder cleft (UC), udder composite index (UCI), udder depth (UDPTH), udder height (UHT) and udder width (UWDT)) are associated with milk flow traits [ 16].
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Vollema et al. [ 1] reported that some conformation traits such as body depth, rump angle, rump width, and udder depth were useful predictors of lifetime and longevity in Dutch dairy bull populations because of the genetic correlation between them.
The most significant SNP for final score (Additional File 5: Table S2.31) was a BTAX SNP in PHKA2, which was also the most significant SNP for stature, strength, and body depth, the second most significant for rump width and fore udder attachment, and the 11th most significant for rear udder height.
These traits were interval between calving and first insemination, interval between first and last insemination, number of inseminations, udder diseases, other diseases, height, body depth, chest width, dairy character, top line, and body condition score.
Four SNPs in the BTA19 region associated with rump width were among the top 20 effects for fore udder attachment.
The third most significant SNP for final score was in BTA10's APC, which was second most significant for rear udder height, eighth for fore udder attachment, and ninth for rump width.
The 21 traits were animal size, stature, height at front end, chest width, body depth, loin strength, rump width, rump angle, bone quality, foot angle, rear legs side view, udder depth, udder texture, median suspensory, fore udder attachment, front teat placement, teat length, rear attachment height, rear attachment width, rear teat placement, and angularity.
The tenth most significant SNP for udder cleft was on BTA19 SNP and was just downstream from a gene cluster that affected rump width and fore udder attachment (Additional File 8: Figure S6D).
Many develop chronic udder infections.
Phenotypic traits included scores for 5 linear udder traits: udder depth, udder attachment, teat placement, teat size, and udder shape.
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