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Quality attribute properties are typically quantified by quality metrics.
Metabolic active cell of pure culture is typically quantified using plate count assay such as streak and spread plate methods.
The aggregation kinetics of NM is typically quantified by measuring their attachment efficiency and critical coagulation concentration (CCC).
Hazard reflects forest and fuel conditions, and is typically quantified in terms of the likelihood and intensity of wildfire (Scott et al. 2013).
Currently 32Si is the most used radiotracer for the measurement of biogenic silica production rates in aquatic systems with isotope activity typically quantified by Cherenkov or liquid scintillation counting.
Patrol effort is typically quantified using a standard six or eight hour patrol day multiplied by the number of rangers on patrol (Jachmann 2008; Mubalama-Kakira 2010), or using actuarial numbers such as man days (Gray and Kalpers 2005), hours of patrol (Holmern et al., 2007), or distance covered (km) (Gray et al. 2009; Wiafe and Amoah 2012).
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These analyses typically quantify the sensitivity of the objective function to changes in design variables (Guerra-Gómez et al. 2013), near the optimal solution or otherwise (Liou et al. 2013), providing information about the marginal impact of changes in the design potentially valuable information for designers and other stakeholders.
Typically, quantifying relative predicted probability of use in human-modified areas is based on animal behavior in those areas.
Studies in the latter classes typically quantify preferences in terms of utility decrements caused by specific adverse effects (Lubeck et al, 2002; Bremner et al, 2007).
These diversity measures typically quantify the extent to which branches in a rooted phylogenetic tree are unique to one sample or the other, or common to both (Fig. 3B).
While smart HPA design can alleviate much of this process there is an intrinsic problem which depends on the form how the HPA is operated: high fluctuations of the input signal--typically quantified by means of the peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR --enforce oPAPR --enforces tyPAPR --enforceeloperatingepoints efficiency region.
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