Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are typically present in the environment as multicomponent mixtures where system specific substrate interaction effects are inevitable.
Pharmaceuticals are typically found in the environment at concentrations well below therapeutic levels in humans; however, their mechanisms of action may be largely unknown in non-target organisms, such as teleost species.
Many industrial processes and conventional fossil fuel energy production systems used in small-medium industries, such as internal combustion engines and gas turbines, provide low or medium temperature (i.e., 200 500 °C) heat fluxes as a by-product, which are typically wasted in the environment.
The process involves first identifying the structure of the AES that is typically present in the environment (i.e., C13.5EO3S).
EE2 concentrations spanned the environmentally relevant levels (2 10 ng EE2/L) to a concentration higher than would typically occur in the environment.
Musks are typically present in the environment with other contaminants (Fromme et al. 2001; Kallenborn et al. 1999) that could well include other transporter modulators.
The doses used in the studies (there were two for the plastics mixture and one for each of the other exposures) were deliberately higher than typically found in the environment.
Thus, a more relevant approach to understand the impact of chemical availability on dechlorination would be to measure dechlorination rates within a range of freely dissolved PCB concentrations typically observed in the environment.
Interestingly, similar results have recently been reported where transcriptome analysis of brown trout exposed to glyphosate or Roundup at a concentration (10 μg/L) typically found in the environment, revealed an over-representation of pathways involved in oxidative stress, apoptosis, and the regulation of cell proliferation [ 34].
They argue that the slope of a linear or linearized exposure-response curve may be derived from studies in which past exposures, typically in the occupational environment, have been underestimated: they were in fact higher than estimated through present day reconstruction.
