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The train load is simplified by a set of constant moving forces and the range of velocities implemented corresponds to typical velocities of circulation.
The root mean squared error between the model and experimental data was 1 m⋅s−1 for the rebound velocity of the ball for typical velocities of over 40 m⋅s−1.
Spread F occurred at night generally in the local summer half of the year and propagated roughly eastward at typical velocities of ~100 160 m s−1.
The Rayleigh wave propagates horizontally with typical velocities of approximately 3 to 5 km/s on the surface of the Earth.
We also note that the employed cutting velocity of 100 m/s in current MD simulations of nanometric cutting is several orders of magnitude higher than typical velocities of tens of micrometers per second utilized in ultra-precision diamond cutting experiments, giving the intrinsic requirement of the integration time step to be of the order of femtosecond (fs).
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FTU has a pneumatic single-stage multibarrel pellet injector38, capable of firing up to eight pellets per plasma discharge, with a typical velocity of 1.3 km s−1 and a mass of the order of 1020 deuterium atoms.
However, that can be safely ruled out because the lower value of the typical velocity of an artificial supersonic object (much lower than the escape velocity of the Earth) results in a much higher misfit of our GA objective function.
Suppose a typical velocity of the solar wind and the thermal velocity of ions are V S = 400 km/s and V ti = 50 km/s (i.e., about 26 eV), respectively, and a typical ion density is N i = 10 cm−3, the ion plasma frequency and Debye length become about f pi = 664 Hz and λ Di = 75 m, respectively.
For small capacities and short lines, near optimum line sizesmay be obtained on the basis of typical velocities or pressure drops.
A simple model is proposed, defining the axial dispersion coefficient as the product of the typical velocities with the column diameter.
Measured Doppler shifts correspond to typical plasma velocities of 20 km s−1 to 100 km s−1, at temperatures 100000 K to 450 000 K, and siphon flows may occur in some of the loops.
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