A theoretical model of joint migration duration and saving decisions reveals that the optimal migration duration decreases in ppp unless the elasticity of intertemporal substitution of consumption is well above typical estimated values for this parameter.
That's the typical estimate of actuaries who have spent years studying the disability insurance industry.
During a complete solar cycle, the total energy output of the sun changes by about 0.1%, Haigh says, which, using a typical estimate for climate sensitivity, translates to a change in temperature on Earth of about 0.5C.
Using a typical estimate of the response of the current account to fiscal changes he showed that it would have taken a Spanish fiscal surplus of 20% of GDP to maintain a reasonable current-account deficit.
Given typical estimates of "climate sensitivity" in the absence of any offsetting factors, this energy increase would lead to a warming of 2 to 5 °C (3.6 to 9 °F) over preindustrial times.
Imports would fall more than this; typical estimates of the "income elasticity" of imports (the percentage change from a 1 percent change in GDP, other things equal) are around 2. So we could be looking at a 10 percent fall in Chinese imports — an adverse shock to the rest of the world of one-tenth of 3 percent,or 0.3 percent of GDP.
Typical estimates are that the federal deficit rises around 40 cents for every dollar decline in GDP: But if the federal government is up against the debt ceiling, it will have to offset these revenue declines and automatic spending increases with further cuts.
In the minds of most experts, the chief worry is not that the carbon in the permafrost will break down quickly — typical estimates say that will take more than a century, perhaps several — but that once the decomposition starts, it will be impossible to stop.
This represents a typical estimate for systems of this size without knowing detailed workload information [52].
This is lower than typical estimates of the capacity for Multiple Object Tracking (MOT).
Typical estimates of volumes justify calculating magnitudes to the first decimal place in the database, allowing more discrimination.
