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Discarded cigarette butts (CBs) are among the most common types of litter found around the world.
Hens spent less time on AstroTurf® litter than on other types of litter (P = 0.01).
Further we do not know if providing different types of litter substrates affects hen use of the litter area.
The experimental design was a 3×2×2×3 factorial with three types of litter, high and low watering regime, burned and unburned litter, and three sample dates.
Evidence is growing that plant litter generally decays fastest at the site from which it was derived, owing to the presence of specialized microbial communities that can decompose specific types of litter.
Furthermore, plant litter composition, soil organic carbon and humus contents, soil respiration, microbial respiration and soil microbial structure were analyzed to explore dominant decomposition patterns of the two types of litter in soil and their organic carbon sequestration capability, as well as the microbiological mechanisms involved.
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A first set of twenty four mesocosms 'control' (4 mesocosms × 3 types of litters (pure or mixed) × 2 sites (coastal and inland)) were maintained under favourable conditions for 60 days (25 °C, 600 g·kg− 1 water content).
Two Mediterranean plant species, Cistus albidus L. and Pistacia lentiscus L., collected from both inland and coastal areas, were used to set up a total of 72 mesocosms (4 mesocosms × 3 types of litters (pure or mixed) × 2 sites (coastal and inland) × 3 types of stress).
The charity is working to understand what type of litter is washing up and where it may be coming from.
These properties come directly from the type of litter produced by the two different kinds of vegetation.
If the wrong type of litter is used, the animals may sink into the deep litter and soil themselves.
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