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20 However, all types of imputation have limitations.
Then, mutual imputation strategy is designed to share both global and local information extracted by two different types of imputation methods.
Furthermore, while the Zung SDS may be particularly suited to the six types of imputation explored here, other imputation methods may be more appropriate for other questionnaires.
The size and direction of association between asthma severity and all the predictor variables, as well as the standard errors (SE's) of the estimated coefficients are consistent across both types of imputation as well as for both model building strategies.
Second, although we have examined a wide range of missing data from 10to90%0% compatible with the reported GBS data (Elshire et al. 2011; Fu and Peterson 2011; Fu et al. 2014), our analyses were limited to those assayed imputation methods, essentially only two types of imputation using correlation information.
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Linear regression was used as the type of imputation, and five cycles of imputation were conducted resulting in five imputed data sets.
Tables 2 and 3 demonstrate that the findings are qualitatively unaffected by the type of imputation method applied – SI 1, SI 2, or MI.
The retrospective results were thus more sensitive to the type of imputation than were the results of the prospective analysis.
To deal with this type of imputation challenge, we propose approaches that do not assume standard distributions; moreover we recommend using more than one approach to allow testing the sensitivity of the regression results to the choice of imputation model.
Using the data as is within a mixed model analysis has a lower type I error and higher power than any type of imputation method used for missing data, which would be needed for a repeated measures ANCOVA.
As multiplexed GBS, which trades sequencing depth (and therefore genotyping costs) for uncertainty in genotype calling and imputation, is increasingly used for association mapping (Poland and Rife 2012), this type of imputation procedures in a MI context should be particularly useful in species where no or only part of a reference genome is available, like wheat or switchgrass.
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