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When wage subsidies are designed with these objectives in mind, there are important implications in terms of eligibility and targeting, how the subsidy is set, its duration, and the types of conditionalities on employers and beneficiaries.
Regarding implementation, the focus is on institutional arrangements to manage the scheme; the types of conditionalities to pay benefits that need to be considered and enforcement mechanisms; and mechanisms to contract and pay providers of services.
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Several of the OECD programs use this type of conditionalities on employers (see Banerji and Robalino 2009).
Thus, depending on the level of leakage, either type of conditionality can be more cost-effective in reducing global carbon emissions.
It was "tragically comic" that India and Pakistan, after "bleeding their economies" to pay for arms, "beg and submit to all sorts of conditionalities from international lending institutions".
Although only a small number of studies, the findings suggest that both types of transfers have positive effects on schooling but that conditionality tends to lead to larger effects, particularly for more marginal students.
Given its importance for the development of human social life, five more chapters are devoted to the topic of promises and pacts: on their nature, subject-matter, types, and conditionality, as well as the sorts of individual and collective agents capable of generating consent-based obligations by promising or agreeing with one another.
Forget "light" forms of conditionality.
But it was the wrong sort of conditionality.
Again, a mixture of conditionality and in-work support is needed to make reform effective.
If politics in the periphery turns sour, that sort of conditionality could prove impossible to enforce.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com