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However, we find that the effects vary across types of absence from work.
Overall, the wage effects of all types of absence are negative in the short term, except for compulsory service for men.
The coefficients of the types of absence from work variables measure the marginal effect of the incidence of unemployment, interruption or non-work.
Wage losses through maternity leave are declining in the longer term but remain large and negative, and larger than the wage losses related to any of the other types of absence.
Our focus is on investigating the differences across types of absences for men and women separately, as well as differences across men and women in the coefficients of specific types of absence variables.
The Manual of Reason (TS 85 88) reports the usual Nyāya view that there are four types of absence: prior nonexistence (prāgabhāva); posterior nonexistence or 'destruction' (dhvaṃsa); 'constant' or 'absolute' absence (atyantābhāva); and difference (anyonyābhāva).
Similar(51)
We attempt to test whether the incidence of a spell of work absence affects wages and whether the effect varies across types of absences.
In summary, for men we find that types of absences tend to lead to slight declines in wages that are mainly short-term effects.
We distinguish four types of absences: unemployment, interruption due to parental leave, interruption due to compulsory service and non-work (residual group).
If decreases in wages capture human capital depreciation, it is not quite clear why depreciation should be larger during maternity leave than during other types of absences.
Women had more of all types of absences than men.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com