It has been claimed, for instance, that Kantianism, by insisting that only actions performed out of the motive of duty have moral worth, delegitimizes or even forbids the type of motives which typically (and perhaps necessarily) operate in the context of close personal relationships (Stocker 1976; Williams; 1981).
The technological emphasis shifted to faster operations, more amenities for passengers, larger and more specialized freight cars, safer and more sophisticated signaling and traffic-control systems, and new types of motive power.
Secondly, are sex and learning skill are predictive of membership in types of motive toward lifelong learning?
The majority of these motives can be categorized into four types of motive: environmental, economical, dissatisfaction with government effectiveness, and social.
Obviously, it is impossible to explicitly sort out the two types of motives and offer an estimate of their sizes.
To the best of our knowledge, this is the first innovative attempt to disentangle the two types of motives and show which of the two is dominant.
We confirm that individual self-interest matters a lot in political behaviour but that other types of motives also matter strongly.
However, to the best of our knowledge, our paper presents an innovative attempt to disentangle the two types of motives and to show that while the former is more relevant in the United States, the latter dominates in Europe.
These two types of motives have been discussed in the literature (e.g., Casanova 2007; Fonner and Alba 2008; Connor and Koenig 2013; see the more detailed review below) but have not been tested empirically.
Moreover, our results confirm that individual self-interest matters a lot in political attitudes (e.g. how much one drives, how many cars one has, what is my value of time), but that other types of motives also matter strongly (e.g. environmental concerns, whether one thinks taxes are too high).
