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The fourth type of absence, 'difference' (anyonyābhāva), is illustrated by the sentence "The pot is not (the) cloth".
The Manual of Reason states (TS 87) that what distinguishes this type of absence is that it is located in the three times past, present and future.
A third type of absence, called 'constant' or 'absolute' absence (atyantābhāva) is illustrated by constructions of the form "The pot is not on the ground".
Furthermore, there is detailed information about the employee's sick leave: the start and end of each absence spell, type of absence, grading of sick leave and which department the employee was absent from.
Statisticians refer to this type of absence as 'missing not at random', and it must be accounted for when making inferences from observations, in order to remove, as far as possible, systematic biases.
Data on this type of absence were not included in the analyses.
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However, we find that the effects vary across types of absence from work.
Our focus is on investigating the differences across types of absences for men and women separately, as well as differences across men and women in the coefficients of specific types of absence variables.
The coefficients of the types of absence from work variables measure the marginal effect of the incidence of unemployment, interruption or non-work.
Overall, the wage effects of all types of absence are negative in the short term, except for compulsory service for men.
The Manual of Reason (TS 85 88) reports the usual Nyāya view that there are four types of absence: prior nonexistence (prāgabhāva); posterior nonexistence or 'destruction' (dhvaṃsa); 'constant' or 'absolute' absence (atyantābhāva); and difference (anyonyābhāva).
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