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By requiring plaintiffs to show harm to both sides of a two-sided market, the American Express case effectively raised the bar for antitrust lawsuits against two-sided platforms.
First, it explains the nature of two-sided markets/platforms/networks and elaborates on four-party schemes and on the rationale behind interchange fees according to Baxter's model and its later refinements.
At this point, there is no justification for any rate regulation, given that the debit card companies are already at the competitive rate and cannot recoup all their losses-direct charges to their customers requires the loss of the efficiency gains that interchange fees are able to exploit to good effect in a two-sided economic market.
Two-sided pulse?
Two-sided t-tests.
This two-sided pulse over 2a.
It is a two-sided marketplace.
*P<0.05 (two-sided paired t-test).
All analyses are two-sided Spearman correlations.
(f,h): Two-sided Wilcoxon paired test.
I'll call that the two-sided pulse?
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