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But if present, they provide another step in the reconstruction of metabolic pathways (beyond the direct neighborhood of each metabolite) by detecting metabolites which are exactly two steps apart.
As with the FAs in TAGs, we examined whether there was a consistent pattern of significant negative correlations between PL fatty acid reactants and products one or two steps apart.
Some outliers from this observation, however, require closer inspection: First, for some metabolite classes we observe negative partial correlation values for metabolite pairs that are exactly two steps apart in the metabolic pathway: 10 of 73 partial correlations in the diacyl-PC class and 2 of 2 partial correlations in the sphingomyelin class are significantly negative for a distance of two.
A distance based tree was estimated using maximum parsimony with PAUP* (4.0) (Swofford, 2002); a step matrix was used to estimate the distance between homozygous and heterozygous positions, where each of the homozygotes is two steps apart from each other and one step from the heterozygote.
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A derived haplotype, only one step apart from the ancestral (GGGT), was observed in all chimpanzees and one out of two gorillas examined.
These latter haplotypes, which showed no distinct geographic distribution, occupied an intermediate position in the unrooted Tpi haplotype network, yet with somewhat closer relationships to China rather than Japan (four versus nine mutational steps apart from each group).
Two major clusters I and II, corresponding to the ML tree, were identified with two mutational steps apart.
In addition to these major haplotypes, we identified eight new haplotypes in the Kerguelen Archipelago, which are only a single or two mutational steps apart from the first major Kerguelen haplotype.
Major chords are formed by three or notes played simultaneously, with the distance between the first and second notes being two whole steps apart.
The Okinawa samples were more than seven mutation steps apart from the other Southeast Asian samples.
The statistical parsimony network of chlorotypes C1 to C13 revealed that they were only one to seven mutational steps apart.
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