Prosecutors said that Mr. Boyland was operating the travel reimbursement scheme even as he fought two separate federal prosecutions: a bribery case in Manhattan, in which he was acquitted, and a second bribery case in Brooklyn, which is scheduled to go to trial in July.
There are currently five separate criminal prosecutions relating to official leaks under way, a surge in activity that national security experts say is a worrying attack on the rights of whistle blowers.
Nowadays companies risk confronting, as Microsoft did, a double or even multiple jeopardy: separate prosecutions from one of America's two trust-busting agencies (the Justice Department and the Federal Trade Commission), from the European Commission and, in many cases, from individual American states as well.
While the court noted that the Fifth Amendment allowed prosecution by two separate sovereigns, such as the federal government and a state government, it found that an Indian tribe derived its authority to prosecute offenders from the ICRA, which was federal law.
The prosecutor presented the charges to Pre-Trial Chamber II as two separate cases, one case was the prosecution of Ali, Kenyatta, and Mathaura, and the second case is the prosecution of Kosgey, Ruto, and Sang.
The bulk of yesterday's decision was devoted to two separate recitations of the facts, sometimes conflicting, that the prosecution and the defense elicited from Detective Winters.
One effect of a capital prosecution will most likely be to force two separate trials before Judge Leonard B. Sand in Federal District Court in Manhattan.
Court officials also said that two separate trials might be easier to handle than one trial involving three wars, with prosecution plans to call more than 600 witnesses and complex proceedings that could last three years or more.
Two separate initiatives arrive.
