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Two primary pathways lead to increased Ca2+ concentration in the cytosol, the Ca2+ influx associated with the opening of plasmalemmal Ca2+ channels and the Ca2+ released from intracellular stores (the endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria).
Stress exerts its effects on immune effectors through two primary pathways: the sympathetic adrenal medullary pathway, and the hypothalamic pituitary adrenal pathway which modulate adaptive immunity and lymphocyte migration.
I believe there are two primary pathways.
Two primary pathways of apoptosis have been established.
Significant scientific discussion surrounds the relative importance of the two primary pathways for active estrogen generation, E1S desulfation, and androgen aromatization in hormone-dependent breast cancer.
Analysis of genes significantly regulated between fed and fasted chicks on d1 and d2 with a fold difference of ≥ 1.4 revealed two primary pathways (Additional Files 4 and 5, Figure S1 and S2).
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When genes coding for the two primary pathway enzymes for ethanol production, pyruvate decarboxylase (ScPDC1) and alcohol dehydrogenase (ScADH1), from the outstanding ethanologen, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, were expressed in T. reesei, the resulting strains showed significant increase in ethanol yield and a dramatic decrease of the byproduct, acetic acid, compared to the parent strain.
The complement system is activated by three primary pathways (classic, alternative, and mannose-binding-lectin), each consisting of a series of serine proteases.
ICAM-1 expression is primarily regulated through the following four primary pathways: NF- κB, JAK/STAT, AP-1, and PKC [ 23].
Genes involved in four primary pathways (glycolysis, citrate cycle, pentose phosphate cycle, and Calvin cycle and photosynthesis pathways) and three secondary metabolic pathways (flavonoid biosynthesis, theanine biosynthesis, and caffeine biosynthesis pathways) that are related to tea quality were analyzed using C. sinensis unigenes as illustrated in Figure 6.
There are two primary activation pathways for NFκB: the canonical pathway, which is predominantly dependent on inhibitor of κB kinase (IKK) beta, and the IKKα-dependent noncanonical pathway [ 6].
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