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That being the case, there is no method to establish any kind of valid relationship between two particulars which could allow us to draw any sound inferences from single-instantiated cases.
The point here is that relations of similarity between two particulars cannot be self-explanatory; they must have some explanation (some "real foundation") in the things that are similar.
If particulars are nothing in their own right, and in the absence of both matter and form-copies, then particulars are merely bundles of Forms;[20] but if they are bundles, then two particulars composed of the same Forms would be indiscernible and identical.
Theories of universals traditionally seek to account both for generic identity across specific difference (e.g., how redness applies to two distinct shades of red), and specific identity across numerical difference (e.g., how a specific shade of red applies to two particulars of that shade).
The ontology of (i-a) and (ii-a) seems costlier than that of (i-b) and (ii-b) in that the former require two mysterious particulars in addition to and distinct from Judy and John, whereas the latter require, at least prima facie, only two particulars of familiar sort, Judy and John, and their being engaged in an activity of a certain kind or in a certain manner.
Similar(54)
Two particular problems arise.
Recent Russian commentary highlights two particular concerns.
Two particular things irritate the prime minister.
Two particular measures have drawn their fire.
Two particular points had theoretical implications.
But he has two particular skills.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com