To determine the dose-range of FLU-NA-DIII able to induce protective immunity after two immunizations, groups of mice were immunized with a range of doses (101 106).
Sera from the three groups collected after two immunizations, including mice immunized with DCB6AdTA, stained EL4 murine cells (Fig. 5A).
Mice immunized with PsaA admixed with recombinant BLyS exhibited only modest elevations in PsaA-specific responses following two immunizations, while mice immunized twice with PsaA alone exhibited undetectable PsaA-specific serum antibody responses.
For example, immune responses in phase I and II clinical trials to an MVA-based vaccine developed by Bavarian Nordic (Imvamune®) are dose-dependent and can require two immunizations to achieve immune responses similar to first-generation vaccines., Genetic manipulation of the VACV genome has also played a role in the development of highly attenuated VACV strains.
However, it has been reported that up to 90 µg of a non-adjuvanted subvirion candidate pandemic H5N1 vaccine was required to induce putative protective immune response levels in 58% of subjects after two immunizations [5].
Promising results were obtained in mice with an influenza Virus-Like Particle (VLP) intranasal vaccine eliciting a cross-protective immune response without the addition of an adjuvant after two immunizations [30].
Two immunizations with relatively low doses of MVA-HA-VN/04 induced protective immunity against H5N1 viruses derived from different antigenically distinct clades.
When analyzing the kinetics of the humoral immune response induced by PfCelTOS (Figure 2) it became apparent that two immunizations may suffice to achieve high antibody titers in Balb/c mice.
In two different experiments, two immunizations with 300 μg of pNJEME by intramuscular (i.m).
A bilateral, adjuvanted, subcutaneous immunization protocol induced reproducible tier 2 nAb responses after only two immunizations 8 weeks apart, and these were further enhanced by a third immunization with BG505 SOSIP trimer.
We show that two immunizations of modified non-replicating mRNA encoding influenza H10 hemagglutinin (HA) and encapsulated in lipid nanoparticles (LNP) induce protective HA inhibition titers and H10-specific CD4+ T cell responses after intramuscular or intradermal delivery in rhesus macaques.
