In this paper, we expand Nystrand and Gamoran (1992) broad definition of students' engagement, by adding the Fredricks et al. (2004) conceptualization of engagement as a three factor construct including behavioural, emotional and cognitive dimensions.
The EFA suggested a four factor construct as did the postulated model.
Again, as the original AASES is a four factor construct, a decision was made to estimate the Cronbach's alpha for each of the factors in order to compare them with that of the 20-item unidimensional construct.
Although a four factor construct was suggested, our findings highlighted that item 4 formed a factor together with the two items assessing exercise (item 5 and 6), whereas all other items loaded on the intended factor.
A further performed exploratory factor analysis (EFA) indicated a four factor construct of the translated questionnaire similar to its original English version (diet, exercise, blood glucose testing and foot care).
Almost the same three factor constructs were found in Japan, but the rank order between the second and third factors differed [ 11].
The majority of previous studies have demonstrated that the GHQ - 12 is multidimensional and a number of two- and three factor constructs have been proposed.
We tested the questionnaire in a sample of Dutch patients with COPD, heart failure or a mental illness and subsequently performed principal factor analysis on the 10 items of domain 2 and 3, which confirmed the two presumed factors (construct validity).
Validity was evaluated by conducting three types of validation analyses: factor, construct and longitudinal.
The results of a factor analysis identified six push factor constructs consisting of 19 items and four pull factor constructs consisting of 26 items.
For LMICs, we construct two factor scores based on labour market poverty and labour market inequality indicators.
