Aged mice received nanoparticles weekly and bone mineral density (BMD), bone structure, and bone turnover were quantified.
Bone and cartilage turnover were quantified in all rats by measurement in serum of CTX-I and urinary measurement of CTX-II, reflecting bone and cartilage turnover, respectively.
Microgliosis was quantified similarly.
The most active mutants were designated as PI5P4Kβ+ (PI5P4Kβ G1, Figure 3) and PI5P4Kγ+ (PI5P4Kγ G3+AB, Figure 3) and enzyme turnover rates were quantified and calculated for these mutants for comparison with the wild-type enzymes (Table 1 and Supplementary Figure S1).
Isotope turnover rates were quantified by fitting the data using a Marquardt non-linear fitting routine (NLIN, SAS) using the following equations: where y is δX (C or N), a is the isotopic value approached asymptotically (δX, b is the total change in isotopic values after the diets were switched (δX−δX t)), c is the turnover rate, and t is the time in days since the switch.
Sulfate consumption was measured at the rim and the center of the JTC colony, whereas methane turnover could only be quantified in the rim sediment (Fig. 3).
Moreover, it has become evident that the specific processes of drug disposition in the hepatocyte (in vivo and in vitro), including binding to protein (external and internal) and/or membranes, permeation (passive diffusion and active uptake/export) and metabolic turnover should ideally be quantified simultaneously (Lave et al. 2007; Webborn et al. 2007; Baker and Parton 2007) (Fig. 34).
The functional active sites of these two enzymes were quantified using the single turnover substrate DNPFG, and consistent with the hydrolytic activity, ∼5 7% more functional active sites were quantified with Vela than with Imig (Table 1).
Although the pool size of ATP was hard to be quantified precisely due to its rapid turnover, we can assess the energy status on two conditions.
Second, flux through the pathway is quantified using radioisotopes to trace the turnover of a single metabolite, typically the end product of the pathway.
