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In summary, based on our current report and other studies [11] [13], [25], [29] [31], [33], we propose that there are two LRP6 turnover pathways: Kremen-mediated LRP6 degradation, and Wnt/Fz-mediated LRP6 down-regulation (Figure 9).
The cell possesses organelle-specific turnover pathways in addition to the more general autophagy pathway.
Altogether these observations indicate that the acquisition of drug-resistance mutations in pfcrt may impact protein synthesis and turnover pathways.
Studies to further understand this observation and to apply this finding to explore other turnover pathways are underway.
Several RNA turnover pathways are involved in controlling gene expression profiles, which is important to maintain normal cells and tissues (Houseley and Tollervey 2009).
Likewise, measurements of oxidative damage are also difficult to relate to ROS flux without detailed knowledge of the changes in defense, repair, and damage turnover pathways.
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GGH is an enzyme which cleaves glutamate residues of the folate molecule as part of the folate degradation and turnover pathway (Orsomando et al. 2005).
Together this evidence suggests firstly an MG-132-sensitive turnover pathway for VSG and ISG, i.e. the proteasome, and secondly, that inhibition leads to accumulation of intracellular material, associated with the exocytic pathway and/or cytoplasmic aggresomes.
H MRS-detected neutral lipid accumulation has also been suggested to result from impairment in the PtdCho turnover pathway either by activated PtdCho catabolism, or by inactivated PtdCho anabolism (Veale et al, 1996).
4 The bone turnover pathway is a triad: RANKL binds to its receptor RANK in order to induce osteoclast differentiation, activation, and survival, whereas OPG acts as a decoy receptor to RANKL and therefore inhibits osteoclast activation and bone resorption.
In contrast, an association between AS and elevated levels of markers of bone turnover -- specifically, beta crosslaps, and osteocalcin -- was revealed in the course of the biomarker analysis, suggesting that activation of bone-turnover pathways, exceeding that seen in RA or PsA, occurs in AS.
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