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This is because a prior study, which employed non-transplant experimental models, found that the aged host environment impaired the turnover of memory CD44hi CD8+ T cells via heightened BCL-2 expression and higher type I interferon levels [24].
Recent studies have found that, among conventional SIV progressors, the naïve CD4+ T cell pool is progressively depleted, most likely due to constant turnover of memory CD4+ T cells [15].
This may result in greater overall turnover of memory T cells, of a less differentiated phenotype.
The power calculation was based on our previous deuterium labeling studies among healthy young individuals (Vrisekoop et al., 2008), which revealed a mean turnover of naive T cells of 0.00042 per day with a SD of 0.00015 per day and a mean turnover of memory T cells of 0.0056 per day with a standard deviation of 0.0028 per day, assuming similar standard deviations at old age.
Similar(56)
Increased turnover of tonsillar memory B cells were identified compared to other tissues examined.
With few exceptions, the examples measuring molecular turnover associated with direct measurements of memory acquisition, consolidation, remote (long-term) memory, and extinction come from the best-studied model system for learning-related plasticity, the hippocampus.
In summary, the role of the Gadd family of repair proteins in the turnover of DNA methylation and memory duration remains an important problem worthy of further study, in spite of the apparent complexity of various published reports.
Elucidating Crick's paradox, the contradiction between rapid molecular turnover of modified biomolecules and long-term memory storage, appears fundamental to understanding cognitive function and neurodegenerative disease.
But that raises the issue of whether the turnover of these proteins might erase the memory encoded by such switches.
But how then can the synaptic strength (the elemental basis of memory) persist for decades, in spite of the molecular turnover that tends to erase, in a matter of days or weeks, the molecular records stored in protein structures?
Despite higher percentages of SP CD21−CD27+ B cells in PB, the DP CD21+CD27+ memory B cells had the highest turnover rate, which also suggests that they are more activated, differentiated, functional, and have the characteristics of memory cells.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com