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In a process called bone turnover, cells called osteoclasts break down and remove old bone, and then cells called osteoblasts lay down new bone.
To determine effects on IκBα turnover, cells grown in 8-well chamber-slides (1.0×104 1.0×105 cells/well) were transfected with pIκBα-EGFP (0.2 µg/well), using the calciumphosphate method, as described [5] [7].
These data suggest the possibility of increased turnover cells of the gastrointestinal mucosa and inhibited DNA synthesis in several organs.
Because the ubiquitin-proteasome system is the major mechanism regulating protein turnover, cells are highly vulnerable to insults that impair the function of this system (Varshavsky, 2012; Petrocca et al., 2013).
To determine whether proteasome inhibition rescues NCOA4 turnover, cells were pre-treated with 1 μM Bortezomib (Btz) for 1 hr, followed by the addition of CHX for 60 min. NCOA4 stability was examined by immunoblot.
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It is produced at sites of tissue remodeling, where it regulates matrix deposition and turnover, cell adhesion, and signaling by extracellular factors, exerting profound effects on tissue architecture and cell physiology.
Lastly, computational prediction of downstream caspase substrates, using sequence context and predicted secondary structure, identified proteins involved in a wide range of biological processes including regulation of protein turnover, cell cycle progression, lipid metabolism, coenzyme metabolism, apoptotic and autophagic death.
Albumin-dependent mRNA regulation was seen in genes involved in apoptosis, cell growth and metabolism, cell-signaling, lipid metabolism, matrix turnover, cell cycle, cell movement, lipid metabolism, and reactive oxygen species scavenging.
It plays important roles in protein turnover, cell division, autophagy, and antigen presentation.
Only one ECFR cell was noted (green arrow) and this might indicate a physiologically rare turnover cell.
In the human body, tens of billions of cells continuously die as a consequence of cell turnover, cell damage, infection or immunological central tolerance.
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