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Behavioral differences among various generations cause the age-turnout relationship to be U-shaped.
In practice, however, because of variations in registration and voting turnout, the relationship is not constant.
He notes, for instance, that there is not a clear relationship between turnout in past primaries and turnout in the general elections in those years.
According to the robust regressions estimated, the relationship between turnout and education is inverse U-shaped, and between turnout and age (including generational effects), it is U-shaped.
For example, in the 2000 election, the volume of ads shown in each media market during the closing weeks of the campaign bore little relationship to turnout in those markets.
Is there a relationship between turnout and election outcomes?
The relationship between turnout and education is inverse U-shaped, with a flat top.
Second, few have studied the relationship between turnout and election outcomes with a research design that is appropriate for causal inference.
Likewise, there was a clear linear dose response relationship between voting turnout and mean health check participation (Fig. 1b).
Since the relationship between age and turnout might be nonlinear, models include the squared term of this variable.
But turnout in primaries has almost no relationship to turnout in the general election.
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