But disagreements about the epistemic import of a graph, picture or other non-sentential bit of data often turn on causal rather than semantical considerations.
These formats are the digital frameworks that turn bits of data into formatted documents, spreadsheets and presentations.
So how do you turn mountains of data into a week's worth of news headlines which have seen leaders step down and raised serious questions about the inner workings of tax havens?
In his role consulting for organisations like Nasa and IBM, he turned thousands of data points into clean, detailed and comprehensive images.
He favors interdisciplinary efforts, and alongside his studio discography, he's put together books, exhibits, apps, and turned strings of data into music.
"Those kinds of restrictive practices I think would, ironically, hurt the Chinese economy over the long term," Obama said in March, "because I don't think there's any U.S. or European firm, any international firm, that could credibly get away with that wholesale turning over of data, personal data, over to a government".
If you have an iPad with a data plan, turning of mobile data access from the Settings app will also save battery life.
Finally, few businesses appear to have the systems in place to turn the mass of data that they do have on food safety events and traceability into useful information for management.
A state appeals court on Tuesday upheld a lower court decision ordering the New York Police Department to turn over years of data identifying the race of suspects shot at by the police.
Bharti and others are planning undersea cables, which could turn the trickle of data that can now pass between India and the rest of the world into a torrent.
