The Byzantines, however, were unable to maintain their control, and Ankara became a bone of contention between the Seljuqs and their rivals among the Turkish frontier lords.
Spacey played Roger "Verbal" Kint with a chilling and measured intensity in this 1995 whodunnit thriller, centred on pinning down the location of an elusive and brutal Turkish crime lord.
For the first time in the modern history of the Turkish state, Kurds inside Syria now lord over all but a 60-mile stretch of the two countries' shared border.
The most powerful of the central native lords, he was given command of the Turkish forces at Shkodër (Scutari) during the First Balkan War, but he traitorously delivered the town to the Montenegrins (1913).
As for personal fortunes, some fell — those of Winston Churchill, say, then First Lord of the Admiralty, who prophesied "the end of the Turkish menace," but who found his own reputation damaged almost beyond repair by the fiasco.
Isis leaders lorded over their gateways such as Manbij and Jarabulus, along the Turkish frontier.
As lord of Chios, Martino and Benedetto fought with distinction against the Turkish pirates, who made their appearance in the Aegean in the early years of the 14th century.
