They are usually modeled by algebraic expressions derived assuming equilibrium between turbulence motions and flame dynamics, a situation generally not reached during early stages of flame developments.
Fixed-wing Micro-Aerial Vehicles (MAVs) need effective sensors that can rapidly detect turbulence induced motion perturbations.
Using data gathered from a number of telescopes and instruments, as well as theoretical models, the ORION2 star formation simulation incorporates a wide array of forces: "gravity, supersonic turbulence, hydrodynamics (motion of molecular gas), radiation, magnetic fields, and highly energetic gas outflows," according to a NASA news release.
Since larger grains are coupled with larger-scale turbulence, the motions of larger grains are less affected by the damping by dissipation, which occurs on small scales.
"There is more turbulence and more motion in the liquid in a vertical pour," Dr. Liger-Belair said.
Comparison with the mechanically agitated surface aerators has enabled us to understand the controlling mechanism in the induction and subsequent distribution of the air i.e. turbulence or convective motion.
When a source of pollution is transfused into the river, due to molecular motion, turbulence, and non-uniform velocity in cross section of flow, it quickly spreads and covers all around the cross section and moves along the river with the flow (Holzbecher 2012; Chanson 2004).
To track desired touchdown point (DTP) altitude in the presence of carrier air wake turbulence and deck motion, based on the estimation and compensation of internal dynamics and external disturbances by extended state observer (ESO), outer-loop altitude controller and inner-loop attitude controllers are designed via ADRC.
Turbulence represents bulk motions, independent of the mass of the atoms.
Turbulence fluctuations drive sediment motion and are generally approximated using distribution functions in stochastic predictions of particle motion.
