The results showed that temperature of the substrate close to the reactor hole was lower than that of other sites, and that a large amount of turbulence existed at the upside of the reactor hole, impeding the growth of SiC NWs.
Sequestration and vessel discoloration tend to occur at vascular branch points (Lewallen et al., 2000), where greater turbulence exists to disrupt laminar flow (Nagaoka and Yoshida, 2006).
Furthermore, even when the turbulence did exist in the canonical geometry, the straining and wrinkling of the flame surface were not well characterized by the vortical structures.
Along the whole length of the ECMO circuit tubing (not only just the cannulae), this boundary layer turbulence will exist and also contribute to the destruction of the contrast microbubbles.
Fluid flow and heat and mass transfer in the bundle are studied by considering the air side turbulence which exists even when the Reynolds numbers are as low as 50.
Due to the superior predictive performance of modern turbulence models in a wide range of complex industrial and engineering applications, it was believed that a 'universal' turbulence model might exist.
For validation purposes, the methods are tested in a DNS of compressible turbulent plane channel flow at low values of friction Mach number, where reference turbulence data bases exist.
The ion-scale spectral break is often attributed to the scale at which the Alfvénic turbulence, thought to exist above the ion scales [ Alexandrova et al., 2013; Bruno and Carbone, 2013], becomes dispersive at the transition to kinetic Alfvén turbulence, thought to exist at smaller scales [ Podesta, 2013; Chen et al., 2013a].
Turbulence was assumed to exist within the fluid phase and a low Reynolds k ε closure was used to model it.
Wind turbines operate under various wind conditions in which turbulence virtually always exists.
