Input to the model is closure relations for the turbulence levels at either side of the interface.
The engineering analysis also showed that helium oxygen can decrease the relative weight of the flow resistance due to obstructions if they are inertial in nature (i.e., density dependent) due to either turbulence or laminar convective losses.
The performance assessment is carried out by means of the average bit error rate metric for some of the most widely used modulation formats on wireless optical links taking into account the atmospheric turbulence modeled either by the gamma-gamma or the negative exponential distribution model in conjunction with the pointing errors effect.
Wolf-Rayet star, any of a class of extremely hot, white stars having peculiar spectra thought to indicate either great turbulence within the star or a steady, voluminous ejection of material.
Moreover, the chaoticity, either through turbulence in the fractal hydrodynamic approach, either through stochasticization in the Schrödinger-type approach, is generated only by the non-differentiability of the movement trajectories in a fractal space.
These phenomena may either generate or damp turbulence and are referred to as flame-generated turbulence and relaminarization due to combustion, respectively.
Particles higher than this can only descend by turbulence or by inclusion into rain (either by seeding ice or rain formation or by impaction by falling rain).
This leaves the possibilities that either the turbulence has a significant k∥ component in the β⊥i≪1 intervals, or the break is related to a nonlinear process, such as anomalous resistivity, which may manifest in a plasma with βi≪ βe<1 (S. Boldyrev et al., manuscript in preparation, 2014).
Turbulence effects were simulated using either the k−ε model or the algebraic stress model (ASM).
The chapter discusses simulation methods, where either all (in theory) the turbulence scales are resolved (DNS) or where only a portion of the turbulent scales are resolved (LES).
