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If the bee remembered the tunnel pattern and chose the matching chamber, it was rewarded with sugar water.
The amount of kakusei transcript in the MBs was related to the foraging frequency but not to the tunnel pattern.
No statistically significant relationship, however, was observed in any MB region with either tunnel pattern (Fig. S2).
The tunnel experiments further revealed that the amount of kakusei transcript was related to the frequency of foraging through the tunnel (Fig. 3), whereas the number of kakusei-positive neurons was related to the tunnel pattern (Fig. 4).
In contrast to our expectation, significantly higher kakusei-signal densities were detected in almost all MB regions, except the lateral lKCs, of foragers that flew the vertical-pattern tunnel than in those that flew the axial-pattern tunnel [Fig. 4: P<0.05, two-factor ANOVA (F1: tunnel pattern; F2: brain hemisphere)].
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The bees were able to use the correct pattern to choose the reward chamber, based on the sequence in which they encountered the tunnel patterns.
We build an agent-based model to simulate termite tunnel patterns in which the behavior of simulated termites (agents) is governed by simple rules based on empirical data.
Using simulations, we determine termite tunnel patterns according to three parameters: the number of simulated termites (N), the passing probability of two encountering termites (P), and the distance moved by termites to deposit soil parcels during tunneling activity (D).
We train a convolutional neural network (CNN) using 80% of the tunnel patterns and apply the CNN to the remaining patterns to estimate the value of N. The application results show that the validation accuracy is approximately 41% and the training accuracy of the CNN is approximately 51%.
No significant difference in the level of kakusei expression was observed between the tunnel and entrance groups in either the MBs or OLs, irrespective of the tunnel patterns.
In contrast, the number of kakusei-positive MB neurons was affected by the tunnel patterns, but not related to foraging frequency.
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