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It was a rough and tumble time in Berlin, after the first world war and before the second, when politicians were fighting for power, and citizens fighting for something to believe in.
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Get ready for some rough and tumble times in the movie industry.
Recent design of responsive gadolinium-based T1 agents has made interesting progress, with the development of novel complexes which sense their chemical environment through changes in the coordination of water molecules, the molecular tumbling time or the number of metal centres.
As sensitivity increases, an adaptive response as seen in Escherichia coli becomes optimal and leads to 'perfect' chemotaxis with a low tumbling time.
The best performance for the adaptive response is achieved with a combination of high sensitivity (large λ) and short tumbling time (high β).
However, these τe values are still shorter than the τm value of 9.36 ns and thus do represent motions of a small part of the molecule that are faster than the rotational tumbling time of the molecule as a whole.
The process was monitored by exploiting the progressive decrease of peak intensities of backbone amide groups in 2-D H-N HSQC spectra, due to the increase in the tumbling time of the forming aggregate, as described previously (29).
These results suggest that positive linear response might be of significant importance in either ancient or current day bacteria that are limited in their ability to increase sensitivity and reduce tumbling time (e.g. due to the nature of their motility machinery).
The R1 and R2 relaxation rates of 1.50 s−1 and 5.56 s−1 and the N NOE value of 0.634 at 14.1 T (600 MHz H) that we observed for the Trp Nε1 resonance are all well below the values observed for the amides in the well-ordered regions of the backbone (molecular tumbling time τc of 5.8 ns).
We find that as tumbling time decreases and sensitivity increases, there exist a parameter regime where the chemotaxis performance of the linear and adaptive responses overlap, suggesting that evolution of chemotaxis responses might provide an example for the principle of functional change in structural continuity.
We have previously described an activatable Gd-based CA containing a disulfide that undergoes reduction-triggered polymerization and self-assembly to generate enhanced r1 relaxivity after activation, by taking advantage of the increased molecular tumbling time (τR) arising from in situ self-assembly of GdNPs.
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