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It may be more difficult, however, to understand and evaluate a study's measurement error, or the reliability (trustworthiness) and validity (truth) of its methods and measurement strategies, in part because the extensive body of literature associated with validity and reliability can be overwhelming.
Theoretical saturation, constant comparative analysis, trustworthiness and validity checks provided assurance of data quality and rigor [ 38, 41].
The study used a triangulated research design, where multiple data collection methods are combined to examine the same phenomena from different perspectives, strengthening the trustworthiness and validity of the evidence [ 28, 29].
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An example for content analysis and data coding is presented in Appendix 2. The trustworthiness, reliability, and validity of the analysis were established through data and investigators triangulation via three experts in science education (Denzin & Lincoln, 2005), with interrater agreement of 95%%.
For reliability and validity (trustworthiness) purposes, two research team members cross checked codes derived from the interviews.
While the overall quality of the studies included in this review was acceptable, most studies failed to provide information regarding the trustworthiness (qualitative studies) or reliability and validity (quantitative studies) of the research.
Line by line and context coding was conducted, and to ensure trustworthiness of the data coding, congruency, concordance and validity, three researchers were involved in the coding process.
Therefore, when using crowdsourced data, it is necessary to take trustworthiness into account in order to ensure the accuracy and validity of the final results.
We followed the Guba and Lincoln's trustworthiness criteria for validity [29] trustworthiness criteria for validity criteria.
A random sample of transcripts from each group will be selected and reviewed by an independent researcher not otherwise involved in the study for inter-rater and intra-rater reliability of identified themes (trustworthiness, internal validity).
Related to reliability and validity of scientific knowledge, less than half of the participants thought that the reliability and trustworthiness of data should always be questioned (44.4%) and that scientists know that atoms exist because they have made observations that can only be explained by the existence of such particles (35.4%).
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