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Treatment effects were evaluated for reducing pain, depression, anxiety and sleep disturbances, for improving trunk range of motion (ROM) and for reducing job absenteeism and increasing job productivity.
The authors recommend the following for further research in wheelchair court sports: 1) Development of a test or scale for trunk impairment, comprising all biomechanical impairments of the trunk (trunk muscle strength, trunk coordination and trunk range of motion) [2].
Previous research indicates trunk muscle strength, trunk coordination and trunk range of movement determine: a) trunk position which impacts on force application on the hand rims, b) trunk stability which decreases paradoxical movements, making arm movements and force application more effective and c) trunk movement which determines the range of the push rim that can be used in each push stroke.
All subjects were evaluated (physical evaluation of lumbar and pelvic muscles [1] force and [2] extensibility, [3] trunk range of motion) and then divided in 2 groups: 10 patients received specific exercises (experimental group) based on their evaluation, and 10 patients received a commonly prescribed exercise program for low back pain (control group).
Both of these devices function in a biomechanically similar manner by reducing trunk range of motion [ 1- 4] and increasing trunk stiffness [ 5- 8].
For trunk range of motion the kappa value in this study was 0.69 for painful arc in flexion and 0.61 for painful arc on return of flexion.
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The distances to the tree trunks range vary from 4 to 6 m, but the antenna is only 2 4 m away from the nearest branches and foliage.
Clinical outcomes (pain intensity, disability, quality of life, and trunk flexion range of motion) will be obtained at follow-up appointments at 1, 3 and 6 months after randomisation.
After legal termination of pregnancy, six specimens of human embryonic and fetal trunk skin ranging from 10 to 24 weeks EGA were studied.
There was also a significant effect of direction, for which the effective trunk damping ranged from 33.4 (26.1) Ns/rad in extension to 47.8 (36.0) Ns/rad in axial rotation.
Children can also rummage in a trunk whose contents range from old-style clothes (dressing up is encouraged) to real artifacts, like a century-old teakettle.
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