Finally, controlling for confounding in cross-sectional research is often difficult because we cannot be certain whether the potential confounder is a result of the exposure-outcome association or truly associated with the exposure before the outcome develops [ 13].
The correlation of NO2 with the components of the traffic emissions cocktail that promote (assuming the association was causal) or are truly associated with cardiovascular outcomes might also vary across locations.
This is not surprising, as the actual power of each method for a given data set depends on the underlying situation, such as the number of expression probes truly associated with the outcome, the levels of association, etc.
Only minor proportion of markers in a genome-wide association study is expected to be truly associated with an analysis trait, and a vast majority of the markers may be thought of as realizations under the null hypothesis and can be used to characterize the null distribution of the test statistics.
For example, from a p-value alone it is difficult to quantify how confident one should be that a given SNP is truly associated with phenotype (e.g. is an association with a p-value of 10−8 more likely to be real or a false positive?).
However, it should be noted that the analyses in Tables 2 and 3 did control for an estimate of GFR (which did indeed reduce the associations), and thus, it is likely log SIF is truly associated with renal damage and autonomic neuropathy beyond renal function per se and glycemic exposure.
It is well-recognised that as such studies involve genotyping a vast number of markers, a large number of false-positive associations will inevitably be generated and only a small number will be truly associated with disease susceptibility.
Calle Ayuntamiento, near López, a few blocks south of the Alameda, Centro, open Mon-Sat, approximately 11am-6pm The most chilango (slang for 'from Mexico City') food of all, tacos al pastor are the perhaps the only dish truly associated with capital itself.
Cases like this can be slightly harder to win than ones having to do with a traditional symbol or a word — such as the Converse star, or the name of the brand itself — because the plaintiff has to prove that the elements of its design, even if they're already trademarked, are truly associated with the brand in the eyes of consumers.
But bones can move up and down in archaeological sites, and it is hard to know if the finger bone is truly associated with these artifacts, Dr. Krause said, even though there is little sign of mixing in the cave's layers.
Indeed, adding additional features that are truly associated with the outcome (e.g. oligomerization) is expected to improve the predictive model.
