Of particular interest is angle recovery in the presence of many outlier measurements that are uniformly distributed in [0,2π) and carry no information on the true offsets.
In this paper, the ratio between two consecutive averaged difference metrics is calculated which require only one ISI free symbol to estimate the true timing offset (or even no ISI free symbol when as long as the largest ratio index corresponds to the true timing offset).
Indeed, its initial value is chosen as a coarse value close to the true frequency offset value provided by the ACF, as in [18, 19].
If the initial value (taken randomly) is far from the true frequency offset value, the synchronization algorithm performance can be strongly affected since the function (g_{text {MAP}}^{(m)} epsilon)) may have several local minima.
To avoid this situation, we propose to initialize the Newton-Raphson iteration with a coarse value close to the true frequency offset provided by the ACF as mentioned in [18,19].
Some authors have assumed that the FOP equals the true femoral offset, and have therefore made no correction for hip rotation (Pajarinen et al. 2004).
The axial, longitudinal forces were applied by the MTM actuator at the true medial offset of the model stem in a sinusoidal pattern oscillating between 1.3 kN and 0.2 kN, at a frequency of 1 Hz.
viii) 'Joint MAP TS-FS with a perfect FS' is the algorithm in (iv) where the frequency offset true value ε is assumed to be known and is then used to compensate the frequency offset perfectly.
