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Such a mass has distinct boundaries and may extend hundreds or thousands of kilometres horizontally and sometimes as high as the top of the troposphere (about 10 18 km [6 11 miles] above the Earth's surface).
Despite the technical challenges, the researchers managed to collect thousands upon thousands of airborne microorganisms floating in the troposphere about 10 kilometers over the Caribbean, as well as the continental United States and the coast of California.
The plane flew into the upper troposphere, about 6 miles above the surface.
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Global Positioning System (GPS) radio occultation (RO) observations have the potential to overcome these problems as they globally provide soundings with high vertical resolution (from near 100 m in the lower troposphere to about 1.5 km in the stratosphere) [ Kursinski et al., 1997; Anthes, 2011].
On weather maps, these areas show converging winds (isotachs), also known as confluence, or converging height lines near or above the level of non-divergence, which is near the 500 hPa pressure surface about midway up through the troposphere, and about half the atmospheric pressure at the surface.
A mean value for Kz in the troposphere is about 2x105 cm2 s-1 ( problem 5. 1 ).
In the tropics, the boundary between the stratosphere and the troposphere is about 15 kilometers.
The height of the lowest level was 36 m, and the average resolutions in the boundary layer and in the troposphere were about 80 and 250 m, respectively.
It is difficult, however, to continuously monitor the humidity during RASS experiments, so we substitute Kd for the dry atmosphere in estimating the temperature, resulting in the determination of the virtual temperature, Tv, which is slightly higher than T by a few degrees in the lower troposphere below about 8 km in the tropics.
The troposphere ends about 10 to 15 kilometers (6 to 9.3 miles) up, depending on local conditions, but the boundary of space is much higher--one hundred kilometers or sixty-two miles up.
The time scale for global mixing of the troposphere is about 1 year, limited principally by exchange of air between the two hemispheres.
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