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Safe and clean, the city-state bills itself as a tropical refuge with exclusive residential enclaves, a marina for superyachts, two casinos, fine dining, high-end boutiques and an annual Formula One race that brings in the global jet set.
However, in the tropical refuge of sub-Saharan Africa, although some mammals went extinct (e.g., giant forms of buffalo and hartebeest), most of the genera and species that evolved during the golden age of mammals survived to the present.
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Opponents of tropical Pleistocene refuge theory have argued that many species divergence times pre-date the Pleistocene [ 37] or that forest refugia simply acted as reservoirs of genetic variation but did not drive speciation per se[ 20, 38].
Tropical resort.
As the race is often scheduled amid other Grands Prix in Asia or the Pacific region -- often alongside the Australian and Chinese Grands Prix -- the white sandy beaches and tropical climate offer a refuge between races for some Formula One personnel.
The steel archipelago of the northern and western Gulf of Mexico is a great experiment in providing refuges for tropical benthic species.
Marcus takes his vessel and its crew rogue, eventually seeking refuge on a remote tropical island and holding out their nuclear arsenal as a threat.
In part, this is a reflection of the public's refusal to offer welfare to the needy of other states who seek refuge in Florida's tropical and subtropical environment.
The Northwestern Hawaiian Islands provide refuge for 14 million tropical birds from 22 different species, and in Midway Atoll, Laysan Island, and Nihoa Island an estimated 5.5 million breed there annually.
Mangrove ecosystems, the important natural wetlands distributed along estuaries in tropical and subtropical region, provide breeding, growing, refuge, and feeding zone for many marine organisms (Holguin et al. 2001).
For example, the "Pleistocene forest refuge" hypothesis, originally formulated for tropical South America and then applied to the Afrotropics, postulates that during the last 2.5 Myr, climatic oscillations caused phases of contraction and expansion of different vegetation types [ 1].
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