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Effective environmental management requires understanding organisms' biology across the size and trophic spectrum: not just the felines but also the flies, ferns and fungi.
They are the stewards of the order of life in their environment, their influence over the trophic spectrum responsible for the health of thousands of other species of plants and animals, and ultimately even the rivers and forests themselves.
The lake set also spanned the trophic spectrum from ultraoligotrophic (modern TP ∼1 µgL−1) to hypereutrophic (modern TP = 376 µgL−1).
Elasmobranch fishes are often typified as opportunistic predators, with a wide trophic spectrum that includes plankton to marine mammals.
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Larval types encompassed both specialists and generalists, represented by a spectrum of trophic groups, feeding classes and substrates.
We propose that the modified T1 was an innovation that helped ants to use their heads and mandibles in novel ways, and hence exploit a broader spectrum of trophic resources.
Scat analyses revealed that, in contrast with central sea lions that are using a broad prey spectrum [ 35], trophic niches of fur seals and western sea lions are highly specialised and show little overlap [ 36].
Meanwhile, the larger predator played a complementary and functionally unique role by both expanding the size-spectrum of prey trophic regulation and non-consumptively altering prey behavior.
The main aim of this work was to ascertain the impacts of pesticides on soil microbial resistance and resilience responses at different trophic levels using the widely-used, broad-spectrum fungicide azoxystrobin as a model compound.
Integrating a broader spectrum of functional effects of higher trophic levels and their diversity into multifunctionality analyses may therefore be highly relevant for sustainable management strategies aimed at securing forest systems against future environmental changes.
Moreover, MSCs secrete a broad spectrum of bioactive molecules, collectively known as trophic factors [ 20].
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