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Overall results of these experiments are consistent with most studies in trophic ecology based on stable isotopes enrichment, concerning both the diversity of trophic sources used by marine bivalves and its preferential utilization of phytoplankton over phyto-detritus.
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Trophic classifications sourced from [ 44].
The results indicate that hMSCs used in this study can serve as a trophic factor-producing source that may assist tissue repair in the injured spinal cord.
Within a community, organisms may compete for the same resources (competition), profit from the presence of other organisms (facilitation) [ 38, 39] or use other organisms as a food source (trophic interaction) [ 35].
This study was designed to analyze the magnitude of isotope enrichment in fish and thus to provide the basis for a better understanding of the dietary sources and trophic position of fish.
The data from this study also suggest that isotope values from a wild fish sample may not reach isotope equilibrium with the current diet and hence an inference about recent dietary sources or trophic position should be evaluated with caution because the isotope values are likely the results of previous and current dietary uptake.
Incorporating variability into the input parameters, such as the end members (consumers), sources and trophic enrichment factors (TEFs).
Using incorrect discrimination constants, even though the error may be small, has the potential to lead to large errors in the estimation of food sources or trophic position [4], especially for ΔN and studies focused on few species or groups [3].
The populations of ecological receptors can be based on the trophic levels relevant for a source or sources of exposure.
Nitrogen isotope values are enriched by 3 4‰ in the bone of the consumer when dieting on a food source one trophic level higher [48].
Cellular transplantation may treat several human diseases by replacing damaged cells and/or providing a local source of trophic factors promoting regeneration.
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